# Sepsis — GCMD Library living collection

Everything in the library about sepsis — built automatically from dossiers that name it.

Updated: n/a · 6 episodes · 94 cited statements

## Episodes
### Acute Management
- [Surviving Sepsis - APSA Practice Gaps 2019](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309) — video · [machine version](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309.md)

### Emerging & Future Directions
- [#APSA50: Artificial Intelligence](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445) — podcast · 15:04 · [machine version](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445.md)
- [Disruptive technologies in medical education: escape rooms, gamification, and immersive learning](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825) — video · 26:52 · [machine version](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825.md)
- [Artificial Intelligence Applications in Healthcare - Transforming Healthcare, Episode 7, Part 2](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare-transforming-healthcare-episo-5875) — video · [machine version](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare-transforming-healthcare-episo-5875.md)
- [2022 Pediatric Surgery Update Course - Top disruptive technologies in medicine](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590) — video · 26:52 · [machine version](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590.md)
- [Disruptive technologies in medical education: escape rooms, virtual reality, and gamification](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597) — podcast · 12:30 · [machine version](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597.md)

## Chapters
- [0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=0) Introduction and Background (Ep 2)
- [1:20](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=80) Current AI Applications in Healthcare (Ep 2)
- [3:20](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=200) Addressing Concerns About AI Replacing Physicians (Ep 2)
- [4:18](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=258) AI Applications in Surgery and Critical Care (Ep 2)
- [6:19](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=379) Sepsis Detection and ICU Monitoring (Ep 2)
- [7:45](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=465) Limitations of AI: Data Requirements (Ep 2)
- [10:07](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=607) Data Quality and Spurious Associations (Ep 2)
- [11:17](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=677) Cloud Infrastructure for Data Sharing (Ep 2)
- [12:20](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=740) Ethical Concerns and Regulatory Challenges (Ep 2)
- [14:21](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=861) Closing Remarks (Ep 2)
- [0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=0) Case presentation and initial sepsis management with vasopressor selection (Ep 1)
- [3:38](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=218) Antibiotic timing, fluid management, and audience questions on duodenal atresia (Ep 1)
- [6:52](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=412) Culture timing, antibiotic stewardship, and source control (Ep 1)
- [9:09](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=549) ECMO and adjunctive therapies for refractory septic shock (Ep 1)
- [0:10](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=10) Medical Escape Rooms for Team Training (Ep 3)
- [6:58](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=418) Virtual Reality and the Metaverse in Healthcare (Ep 3)
- [12:04](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=724) Digital Twins and VR Surgical Planning (Ep 3)
- [18:04](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=1084) RFID Patient Identification Innovation (Ep 3)
- [22:59](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=1379) Q&A and Future of Medical Technology (Ep 3)
- [0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare-transforming-healthcare-episo-5875?t=0) Introduction and Episode Context (Ep 4)
- [0:21](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare-transforming-healthcare-episo-5875?t=21) Current AI Roles and Sepsis Prediction (Ep 4)
- [1:30](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare-transforming-healthcare-episo-5875?t=90) AI-Enhanced Microscopy for Bacterial Detection (Ep 4)
- [2:10](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare-transforming-healthcare-episo-5875?t=130) Patient Flow Optimization and Closing (Ep 4)
- [0:10](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=10) Medical Escape Rooms for Team Training (Ep 5)
- [6:58](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=418) Virtual Reality and the Metaverse in Healthcare (Ep 5)
- [12:04](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=724) Digital Twins and VR Surgical Planning (Ep 5)
- [18:06](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1086) RFID Patient ID Stickers (Ep 5)
- [22:59](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1379) Q&A and Adoption Timelines (Ep 5)
- [0:02](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=2) Medical escape rooms for team-based learning (Ep 6)
- [2:36](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=156) Virtual reality for patient experience and anxiety reduction (Ep 6)
- [5:02](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=302) Gamification in healthcare compliance (Ep 6)
- [5:46](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=346) VR surgical planning and telementoring technologies (Ep 6)
- [9:04](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=544) RFID patient identification stickers (Ep 6)

## Statements
Every statement is attributed, typed, and timestamped; the link is the citation.
- At the Radiological Society of North America annual meeting, there are about 100 to 150 AI startups presenting in the machine learning showcase, with some products available for purchase and deployed at healthcare systems. — Michael Muelly (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 1:46](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=106)
- Yale has deployed AI for prioritization of head CTs with bleeds, cutting down the time until a radiologist reviews the study. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 2:24](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=144)
- Most current AI applications in radiology are in the operational realm, augmenting workflow rather than making diagnostic decisions. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 2:45](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=165)
- Radiology jobs are here to stay despite AI advances. — Michael Muelly (opinion) [Ep 2 · 3:03](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=183)
- AI applications in healthcare offer tremendous opportunity to achieve a truly evidence-based medical system. — Michael Muelly (opinion) [Ep 2 · 3:35](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=215)
- What surgeons are taught during surgical training is what they will do in practice, and most of the time there is no evidence behind it, or the evidence is very weak. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 3:58](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=238)
- Laparoscopic surgery offers a natural opportunity for AI because it captures data digitally with video. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 4:43](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=283)
- Surgical robots are not currently using AI tools primarily for regulatory reasons, but will start to incorporate them once that hurdle is overcome. — Michael Muelly (opinion) [Ep 2 · 4:50](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=290)
- Trauma triaging is currently done based on very simple rules and is not very data driven. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 5:28](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=328)
- AI impact on the actual operating room (outside of operational tasks) will take a lot longer, if it happens at all. — Michael Muelly (opinion) [Ep 2 · 5:42](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=342)
- A simple sepsis alert system based on four criteria (elevated or low white count, temperature, heart rate) was rolled out at Penn State but failed because it was a simple rule set that went off all the time. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 6:29](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=389)
- With deep learning, sepsis alerts can be much more sophisticated, and some places like Emory have sepsis alerts deployed into the workflow. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 7:06](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=426)
- Deep learning requires very large datasets because the neural networks learn just by example and need many examples with good variety of the data space. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 7:45](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=465)
- In radiology, whether a GE or Siemens device is used may affect what the algorithm learns. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 8:11](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=491)
- The current limitation for AI in healthcare is access to very large datasets, especially compared to other domains where billions of data points are available daily. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 8:19](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=499)
- The more specific the disease or patient population (such as pediatric surgery), the harder it becomes to collect large, high-quality labeled datasets. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 8:45](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=525)
- Tesla has 100,000 to 200,000 cars driving around every day collecting data for training self-driving capability. — Michael Muelly (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 9:11](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=551)
- Waymo has collected about 10 million miles of driving experience for self-driving cars. — Michael Muelly (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 9:26](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=566)
- It is very difficult to generate large datasets in healthcare because data collection must fit into clinical workflow, cannot be easily simulated, and faces technical, organizational, and regulatory barriers. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 9:34](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=574)
- Deep learning models are very good at learning associations from images if given enough data, but they learn whatever association is present, including spurious ones. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 10:26](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=626)
- On CT scans, markers that exist outside the patient may tip the algorithm that the scan is from a particular hospital with different disease prevalence. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 10:45](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=645)
- Cloud-based data infrastructure is the way data centers in general and healthcare specifically will operate in the future, opening opportunities for access to larger datasets. — Michael Muelly (opinion) [Ep 2 · 11:17](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=677)
- Once data is centralized in the cloud, it becomes much easier to create frameworks that allow data sharing between institutions for research purposes, while still maintaining access controls. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 11:33](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=693)
- A model trained on data in the US may not work anywhere else due to differences in patient populations. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 12:26](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=746)
- If there is any racial or ethnic bias in training data, the AI model will have that bias as well. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 12:36](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=756)
- Training a machine learning model is actually a very small part of what needs to be done to deploy AI in healthcare. — Michael Muelly (opinion) [Ep 2 · 13:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=780)
- How the FDA will decide what is a safe medical device for AI applications remains an unsolved question. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 13:05](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=785)
- Even if AI models are not better than humans, they are much more consistent, which is their great promise. — Michael Muelly (opinion) [Ep 2 · 13:21](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=801)
- There is huge variance between how different radiologists read studies, sometimes incorrectly and sometimes due to differences of opinion. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 13:33](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=813)
- Similar variance exists among ophthalmologists and applies anywhere humans make decisions, including pediatric surgery. — Michael Muelly (clinical) [Ep 2 · 13:53](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=833)
- The great opportunity for AI is reducing variance and providing consistent care according to current knowledge. — Michael Muelly (opinion) [Ep 2 · 14:04](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=844)
- The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines first came out in 2004, were modified in 2008, and the last modification was in 2016. The latest pediatric guidelines are from 2012. (guideline) [Ep 1 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=0)
- In adults, norepinephrine is the vasopressor of choice according to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. (guideline) [Ep 1 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=0)
- For children, dopamine used to be the fallback vasopressor for the longest time. (clinical) [Ep 1 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=0)
- Two recent randomized trials compared dopamine with epinephrine in children: one study showed better mortality for those randomized to epinephrine, and the other study showed epinephrine had better, more rapid and sustained improvement in systolic blood pressure compared to dopamine. (clinical) [Ep 1 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=0)
- Epinephrine is probably the treatment of choice among vasopressor options for pediatric septic shock. (opinion) [Ep 1 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=0)
- There is good adult data to suggest that the use of vasopressin or vasopressin-like drugs can be very efficacious in increasing blood pressure. (clinical) [Ep 1 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=0)
- In pediatric trials of vasopressin, there have been too few and they were not randomized, therefore the data is not there yet. (clinical) [Ep 1 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=0)
- In the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, there is a role for hydrocortisone for patients who are vasopressor refractory, meaning you started vasopressors and their systolic blood pressure remains low. (guideline) [Ep 1 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=0)
- The 2012 pediatric sepsis guidelines recommend giving 20 mL/kg boluses of isotonic fluid (saline) or colloid (like albumin), up to 60 mL/kg total. (guideline) [Ep 1 · 4:02](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=242)
- The goal of fluid resuscitation is perfusion improvement. At 40 mL/kg, if you're seeing perfusion improvement, you don't have to give the third bolus. (guideline) [Ep 1 · 4:02](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=242)
- You stop fluid resuscitation if you're seeing over-perfusion, for example patients develop rales on auscultation or their liver gets large and enlarged. (clinical) [Ep 1 · 4:02](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=242)
- There is data to show in adults especially that if you wait over 3 hours to start antibiotics in a patient who's septic, your survival goes down. (epidemiological) [Ep 1 · 4:02](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=242)
- The recommendation for antibiotics is broad spectrum coverage, such as an extended spectrum penicillin like piperacillin-tazobactam or ampicillin-sulbactam. (clinical) [Ep 1 · 6:01](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=361)
- The revised adult guidelines from 2016 emphasized that you draw blood for lactate level and send cultures just prior to starting antibiotics. You don't wait, but you want to send those cultures as soon as possible. (guideline) [Ep 1 · 6:52](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=412)
- Previous sepsis campaigns led to patients being on broad spectrum antibiotics for a very prolonged period of time, which led to a subsequent recommendation for antibiotic stewardship. (guideline) [Ep 1 · 6:52](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=412)
- The adult Surviving Sepsis Campaign talks about managing infection, managing resuscitation, using ventilation where required, and finally system improvement. (guideline) [Ep 1 · 7:59](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=479)
- In the manage infection component, antibiotics is just one thing; source control is key. If you have an abscess, perforated appendicitis, or something of that nature, source control is key. (clinical) [Ep 1 · 7:59](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=479)
- The adult Surviving Sepsis Campaign introduced antibiotic stewardship as the third part of manage infection. (guideline) [Ep 1 · 7:59](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=479)
- In one study, the odds ratio for not starting antibiotics within 3 hours in children was 3.92, meaning they were almost four times more likely to die. (epidemiological) [Ep 1 · 7:59](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=479)
- The manage resuscitation component includes fluids, a target mean arterial pressure target, and the use of vasopressors. These steps have been shown to clearly reduce mortality in patients with sepsis. (clinical) [Ep 1 · 7:59](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=479)
- In patients who have not responded to vasopressors and remain hypotensive after starting hydrocortisone and giving boluses, three adjuncts have been brought up: extracorporeal life support (ECMO), renal replacement therapy, and plasmapheresis. (clinical) [Ep 1 · 9:37](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=577)
- Of the three adjuncts (ECMO, renal replacement therapy, plasmapheresis), the one that's been studied the most and is still in use is extracorporeal life support. (clinical) [Ep 1 · 9:37](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=577)
- ECMO is not formally mentioned in the sepsis guidelines, but it certainly is there as an adjunct in institutions where you have the ability to use ECMO for patients who are still not responding. (guideline) [Ep 1 · 9:37](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=577)
- The survival for patients who went on ECMO with severe sepsis with refractory hypotension is about 46% overall when you look at all comers, which is better than zero. (epidemiological) [Ep 1 · 9:37](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=577)
- Institutions including Texas Children's Hospital, University of Kansas health system, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, and University of Minnesota have built medical escape rooms to improve education among trainees. — Ramy Shaaban (clinical) [Ep 5 · 4:26](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=266)
- Thumbay Group from Dubai, UAE is the first to build a virtual hospital on the metaverse to interact with patients and improve patient experience. — Ramy Shaaban (clinical) [Ep 5 · 9:14](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=554)
- VR can be used to ease anxiety before procedures or during imaging, help with postoperative pain, and in some cases reduce the need for sedation or general anesthesia during minor surgical procedures. — Ramy Shaaban (clinical) [Ep 5 · 10:02](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=602)
- A company called Tellaview offers glasses that allow a remote viewer to see what the wearer sees and telestrate onto their view, including during operations. — Todd Ponsky (clinical) [Ep 5 · 12:21](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=741)
- Overlaying CT scans while operating—so surgeons can see tumor anatomy by turning it on or off—will become impactful soon. — Todd Ponsky (opinion) [Ep 5 · 12:38](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=758)
- Apple is coming out with glasses that are literally just glasses, and overlaying augmented reality will become more applicable for surgeons. — Todd Ponsky (opinion) [Ep 5 · 12:53](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=773)
- The National Institute of Health, OSF Healthcare, and Children's Hospital of Illinois use Induu for training surgical teams, evaluating patient cases, and research collaborations. — Ramy Shaaban (clinical) [Ep 5 · 15:42](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=942)
- Surgeons used VR to separate twins with conjoined heads in a 27-hour surgery, spending hours training using VR projection with Precision OS Vision and planning the operation while wearing an Oculus VR headset. — Ramy Shaaban (clinical) [Ep 5 · 16:55](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1015)
- Northwell Health System used RFID-enabled patient ID stickers on over 30,000 patients between October 2019 and November 2020, mostly at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City during the pandemic. — Ramy Shaaban (clinical) [Ep 5 · 21:12](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1272)
- NFC (near field communication) interaction is limited to an extremely short range—a distance of 4 centimeters or 1.5 inches or less. — Ramy Shaaban (clinical) [Ep 5 · 21:55](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1315)
- Nebraska's center was making digital twins with everything and said creating digital twins for inguinal hernia models, colorectal models, or malrotation models should take no time at all. — Todd Ponsky (clinical) [Ep 5 · 24:09](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1449)
- Fifteen years ago it would take 15 years to go from science fiction idea to reality; now we're seeing it in months due to exponential progression. — Todd Ponsky (opinion) [Ep 5 · 25:26](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1526)
- In probably 2 years, most hospitals will have some version of digital twin technology at their fingertips. — Todd Ponsky (opinion) [Ep 5 · 25:43](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1543)
- Medical education has changed focus to a more learner-centered model, placing learners at the center of innovation in training over the past two decades. — Pam Choi (opinion) [Ep 6 · 0:25](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=25)
- Escape room exercises help healthcare teams develop and enhance communication, teamwork, and resilience skills, as well as reinforce medical knowledge. — Pam Choi (clinical) [Ep 6 · 1:03](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=63)
- When used effectively, escape rooms act as a low-cost high effect resource for a variety of learners. — Pam Choi (opinion) [Ep 6 · 1:35](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=95)
- Texas Children's Hospital The Woodlands, University of Kansas Health System, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, and University of Minnesota have built medical escape rooms to improve education among trainees. — Pam Choi (clinical) [Ep 6 · 2:01](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=121)
- Virtual reality is a simulated 3D environment that allows users to explore and interact with virtual surroundings in a way that looks like reality. — Pam Choi (clinical) [Ep 6 · 2:36](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=156)
- Thumbay Group from Dubai, UAE is the first to build a virtual hospital on a metaverse to interact with patients and improve patient experience. — Pam Choi (clinical) [Ep 6 · 3:07](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=187)
- The virtual hospital provides patients with immersive healthcare experience from patient experience center to complete hospital walkthrough and services, allowing consultation via virtual headsets. — Pam Choi (clinical) [Ep 6 · 3:17](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=197)
- VR can be used to ease anxiety before procedures or during imaging, help pain post-operatively, and in some cases reduce the need for sedation or general anesthesia during minor surgical procedures. — Pam Choi (clinical) [Ep 6 · 3:56](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=236)
- The Childhood Anxiety Reduction through Innovation and Technology program (Chariot) at Stanford aims to take existing technologies and create new ones to address unique needs of individual patients. — Pam Choi (clinical) [Ep 6 · 4:34](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=274)
- Gamification is the application of typical elements of game playing to other areas of activities, especially tasks that are not enjoyable, to encourage engagement with a product or service. — Pam Choi (clinical) [Ep 6 · 5:02](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=302)
- Precision OS creates surgical simulations to accelerate skill acquisition and surgical readiness, with VR learning partnerships at 29 medical institutions in North America including University of Connecticut, University of Toronto, and University of British Columbia. — Pam Choi (clinical) [Ep 6 · 6:57](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=417)
- Surgeons used VR to separate twins with conjoined heads in a 27-hour long surgery, spending hours training using VR projection with Precision OS Envision while wearing an Oculus VR headset. — Pam Choi (clinical) [Ep 6 · 7:55](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=475)
- Patient wristbands, especially for young patients like children and babies, can create problems: they are difficult to fasten, may irritate the skin, must be rotated to be scanned, can be too tight causing pain or too loose causing loss. — Pam Choi (clinical) [Ep 6 · 9:25](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=565)
- Identity Shield is a smart ID sticker to replace hospital wristbands, RFID enabled with an optical scanning option. — Pam Choi (clinical) [Ep 6 · 9:54](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=594)
- RFID stands for radio frequency identification and uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. — Pam Choi (clinical) [Ep 6 · 10:17](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=617)
- Northwell Health, New York state's largest healthcare system, used the Identity Shield badge on over 30,000 patients between October 2019 and November 2020, mostly at Lenox Health Hospital in New York City during the pandemic. — Pam Choi (clinical) [Ep 6 · 10:53](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=653)
- NFC stands for near field communications, a set of communication protocols enabling communication between two electronic devices, with interaction limited to an extremely short range of 4 centimeters or an inch and a half or less. — Pam Choi (clinical) [Ep 6 · 11:27](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=687)
- Multiple institutions including Texas Children's Hospital, University of Kansas health system, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, and University of Minnesota have built medical escape rooms to improve education among trainees. — Ramy Shaaban (clinical) [Ep 3 · 4:26](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=266)
- VR can be used to ease anxiety before procedures or during imaging, help with postoperative pain, and in some cases reduce the need for sedation or general anesthesia during minor surgical procedures. — Ramy Shaaban (clinical) [Ep 3 · 10:02](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=602)
- Surgeons used VR to separate twins with conjoined heads in a 27-hour surgery, spending hours training using VR projection with PrecisionOS Vision while wearing an Oculus VR headset. — Ramy Shaaban (clinical) [Ep 3 · 16:55](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=1015)
- IdentityShield is a smart ID sticker made of thin plastic material that is adhesive, non-reactive, and hypoallergenic, lasting for 7 days on patients. — Ramy Shaaban (clinical) [Ep 3 · 20:43](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=1243)
- The loss rate of traditional wristbands in NICU, newborns, and children is 12%. — Ramy Shaaban (epidemiological) [Ep 3 · 21:08](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=1268)
- Northwell Health System used the IdentityShield badge on over 30,000 patients between October 2019 and November 2020, mostly at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City during the pandemic. — Ramy Shaaban (epidemiological) [Ep 3 · 21:12](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=1272)
- NFC interaction is limited to an extremely short range of 4 centimeters or 1.5 inches or less. — Ramy Shaaban (clinical) [Ep 3 · 22:04](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=1324)
- Fifteen years ago it would take 15 years to go from science fiction idea to reality, but now we're seeing it happen in months due to exponential progression. — Todd Ponsky (opinion) [Ep 3 · 25:29](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=1529)
- In probably 2 years, most hospitals will have some version of digital twin technology at their fingertips. — Todd Ponsky (opinion) [Ep 3 · 25:43](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=1543)

## Host summaries
Recaps by a host of what the experts said — not the host's own clinical position.
- In melanoma image recognition, AI learned that the presence of a ruler in the picture was associated with malignancy. — Alexander Gibbons summarizes what Dr. Michael Muelly said [Ep 2 · 10:12](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/apsa50-artificial-intelligence-1445?t=612)
- If hemoglobin is less than 10 grams per deciliter, then a transfusion may be indicated in septic patients. — The host summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 5:35](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=335)
- There is no role for activated protein C in pediatric sepsis management. — The host summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 5:35](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=335)
- Sepsis guidelines recommend fluids, antibiotics and vasopressors if needed, all within the first hour. — The host summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 5:35](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=335)
- If you're concerned about fungal infection, throw that in as well as part of broad spectrum antimicrobial therapy. — The host summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 6:28](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=388)
- Antibiotic stewardship means you follow cultures and titrate antibiotics down or stop them altogether if in three or four days patients have improved and it's no longer an infectious issue. — The host summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 7:32](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/surviving-sepsis-apsa-practice-gaps-2019-2309?t=452)
- Current roles for AI in medical settings are mostly for clinical decision support and imaging analysis. — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 0:21](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare-transforming-healthcare-episo-5875?t=21)
- Clinical decision support tools help providers make decisions about treatments, medications, mental health, and other patient needs. — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 0:35](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare-transforming-healthcare-episo-5875?t=35)
- AI tools are being used to analyze CT scans, X-rays, MRIs in medical imaging. — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 0:48](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare-transforming-healthcare-episo-5875?t=48)
- Innocence BD uses predictive AI to identify infants at risk of developing sepsis by up to several hours. — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 1:02](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare-transforming-healthcare-episo-5875?t=62)
- The Innocence BD sepsis detection system is 75% accurate in detecting severe sepsis. — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 1:30](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare-transforming-healthcare-episo-5875?t=90)
- The Innocence BD system generates less than one false alarm per week. — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 1:40](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare-transforming-healthcare-episo-5875?t=100)
- Harvard University teaching hospital doctors developed an AI-enhanced microscope to scan for harmful bacteria like E. coli and staphylococcus in blood samples at a faster rate than manual scanning. — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 1:52](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare-transforming-healthcare-episo-5875?t=112)
- The Harvard AI microscope system identifies and predicts E. coli and staphylococcus bacteria in blood with 95% accuracy. — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 2:10](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare-transforming-healthcare-episo-5875?t=130)
- Johns Hopkins Hospital uses predictive AI techniques to improve the efficiency of patient operational flow. — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 2:22](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare-transforming-healthcare-episo-5875?t=142)
- AI quickly prioritizes hospital activity to benefit patients at Johns Hopkins Hospital. — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 2:32](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare-transforming-healthcare-episo-5875?t=152)
- Since implementing the AI program, Johns Hopkins Hospital has assigned admitted patients 38% faster. — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 4 · 2:40](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/artificial-intelligence-applications-in-healthcare-transforming-healthcare-episo-5875?t=160)
- Medical escape rooms have been utilized to teach and reinforce topics including cancer diagnosis, cardiovascular physiology, and fluids and electrolytes. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 5 · 4:02](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=242)
- Rami Shaban believes that adding competition to learning drastically improves retention. — Todd Ponsky summarizes what Dr. Ramy Shaaban said [Ep 5 · 5:53](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=353)
- In 2018, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford piloted VR capabilities in pediatric clinical settings and has expanded to one of the nation's largest VR programs with over 150 use cases per month. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 5 · 10:18](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=618)
- A randomized controlled trial from Seoul National University College of Medicine showed that VR experience of the preoperative process could reduce preoperative anxiety and improve compliance during anesthetic induction in children undergoing elective surgery and general anesthesia. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 5 · 11:35](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=695)
- Induu allows healthcare professionals to create a unique copy of their patient using CT or MRI scans, and the surgeon can review the digital twin with a virtual headset before going into the case. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 5 · 15:29](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=929)
- A significant percentage of surgical residents report they do not feel ready to independently perform procedures upon completion of their training. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 5 · 16:13](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=973)
- VR training represents an accessible, cost-effective, and deliberate practice methodology to help surgeons reach a competency threshold or achieve surgical mastery. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 5 · 16:23](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=983)
- The FDA approved Precision OS Envision as a VR preoperative planning tool, available in early 2022. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 5 · 16:33](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=993)
- The surgery's direction came from Great Ormond Street Hospital in London while the actual surgery was happening in Rio de Janeiro. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 5 · 17:17](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1037)
- Proximy allows multiple people in remote locations to virtually interact in a way that mimics collaborating in the same operating room, using AI, machine learning, and augmented reality. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 5 · 17:30](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1050)
- Wristbands are difficult to fasten, may irritate, must be rotated to be scanned, can be too tight and hurt the patient, or too loose and get lost. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 5 · 18:42](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1122)
- The wristband loss rate is 12% in the NICU, newborn, and pediatric population. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 5 · 21:08](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1268)
- In the pilot study, 80% of clinicians preferred the ID shield over traditional wristbands. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 5 · 21:34](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1294)
- The first Android device included NFC in 2010 and Apple followed in 2014, meaning NFC has been present since iPhone 6. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 5 · 22:15](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1335)
- Children's Health in Dallas, Texas is now using identity shields after Northwell Health. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 5 · 22:29](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1349)
- Dr. Bramlet at University of Illinois creates digital twins for regular pediatric cardiology cases in a couple of hours for emergencies, and surgical oncology cases take a couple of days but not more than that. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 5 · 23:17](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1397)
- Dr. Bramlet's lab offers a free submission form where they will create a digital twin for your patient to use for the case and email it for free if you have a VR headset. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 5 · 23:43](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1423)
- Fifteen years ago Rick Satava predicted at SAGES that patients would get a CT scan on check-in, surgeons would practice the operation on a robot the day before, hit save when they got it right, then the next day dock the robot and hit go to watch the operation. — The host summarizing the discussion [Ep 5 · 24:50](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/2022-pediatric-surgery-update-course-top-disruptive-technologies-in-medicine-13590?t=1490)
- Escape rooms are time-bound immersive adventure experiences with hidden clues and keys, where participants try to get out before time ends, typically including sequential puzzles or escape box challenges. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 0:43](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=43)
- Medical escape rooms have been utilized to teach and reinforce topics including discussing cancer diagnosis, cardiovascular physiology, and fluids and electrolytes. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 1:24](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=84)
- Institutions are adopting medical escape rooms to teach residents, nursing staff, and other trainees to recognize and respond to medical conditions like preeclampsia, sepsis, and patient safety. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 1:49](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=109)
- Casey Davis and colleagues published a how-to guide for building medical escape rooms in Medical Teacher journal in April 2022. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 2:19](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=139)
- Metaverse is an integrated network of 3D virtual worlds accessed with VR headsets, with users navigating using eye movements, feedback controllers, and voice commands. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 2:52](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=172)
- Avatars can visit multiple doctors in virtual clinics or get second opinions from various healthcare professionals in the virtual hospital. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 3:32](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=212)
- Virtual hospitals offer first aid and preventative health programs using AR, VR, and artificial intelligence software to educate patients and suggest treatment plans. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 3:39](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=219)
- In 2018, Lucille Packard Children's Hospital Stanford piloted VR capabilities in pediatric clinical settings and expanded its VR program to over 150 use cases per month, helping young patients beyond the hospital. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 4:11](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=251)
- Stanford Medicine Children's Health is home to one of the nation's largest VR programs. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 4:30](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=270)
- A team of physicians, engineers, researchers, and child life professionals is piloting virtual reality experiences, new tablet-based apps, and interactive bedside projector-based games at Stanford. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 4:50](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=290)
- A prospective randomized controlled trial from Seoul National University College of Medicine showed VR experience of the preoperative process could reduce preoperative anxiety and improve compliance during anesthetic induction in children undergoing elective surgery and general anesthesia. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 5:28](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=328)
- Induu allows healthcare professionals to create a unique digital copy of their patient using CT or MRI scans, which surgeons can review with a virtual headset before going into the case. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 6:25](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=385)
- The National Institute of Health, OSF Healthcare, and Children's Hospital of Illinois use Induu for training surgical teams, evaluating patient cases, research collaborations, and more. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 6:46](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=406)
- A significant percentage of surgical residents report they do not feel ready to independently perform procedures upon completion of their training. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 7:17](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=437)
- VR training represents an accessible, cost-effective, and deliberate practice methodology to help surgeons reach a competency threshold or achieve surgical mastery. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 7:26](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=446)
- The FDA approved Precision OS Envision as a VR preoperative planning tool, with the patented software available in early 2022, letting surgeons use an Oculus Quest 2 device for preoperative planning. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 7:37](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=457)
- The surgery's direction was from Great Ormond Street Hospital in London while the actual surgery was happening in Rio de Janeiro. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 8:20](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=500)
- Proximy allows multiple people in remote locations to virtually interact in a way which mimics what they would experience if collaborating in the same operating room, using artificial intelligence, machine learning, and augmented reality. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 8:28](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=508)
- Clinicians using Proximy can remotely interact in a live procedure or assessment from start to finish, physically showing each other where to make an incision in real time or using physical gestures to illustrate a technique. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 8:47](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=527)
- The Identity Shield sticker is made of very thin plastic material that is adhesive, non-reactive, and hypoallergenic, includes PHI like first and last name, date of birth, blood type, or possible allergies, and lasts for 7 days on patients. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 10:28](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=628)
- Common use of Identity Shield is in NICU, newborns, and children due to the high loss rate of wristbands, which is 12% in these populations. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 10:43](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=643)
- According to the pilot study, patient, nurse, and clinical staff feedback was overwhelmingly positive at 80% of clinicians preferring the Identity Shield over traditional wristbands. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 11:09](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=669)
- With the RFID layer, hospital staff can use NFC to read the Identity Shield badge without ever having to lift the patient's sleeve. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 11:27](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=687)
- NFC has been a staple feature on smartphones for several years: the first Android device included NFC in 2010, and Apple followed in 2014, meaning NFC has been present since iPhone 6. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 11:50](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=710)
- Children's Health in Dallas, Texas is now using Identity Shield after Northwell Health. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 6 · 12:04](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-virtual-reality-and-ga-13597?t=724)
- Medical escape rooms have been utilized to teach and reinforce topics including cancer diagnosis, cardiovascular physiology, and fluids and electrolytes. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 3 · 4:02](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=242)
- Stanford Medicine Children's Health is home to one of the nation's largest VR programs with over 150 use cases per month. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 3 · 10:33](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=633)
- A randomized controlled trial from Seoul National University College of Medicine showed that VR experience of the preoperative process could reduce preoperative anxiety and improve compliance during anesthetic induction in children undergoing elective surgery and general anesthesia. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 3 · 11:35](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=695)
- A significant percentage of surgical residents report they do not feel ready to independently perform procedures upon completion of their training. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 3 · 16:13](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=973)
- VR training represents an accessible, cost-effective, and deliberate practice methodology to help surgeons reach a competency threshold or achieve surgical mastery. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 3 · 16:23](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=983)
- The FDA approved Precision OS Envision as a VR preoperative planning tool, with the patented software available in early 2022 allowing surgeons to use an Oculus Quest 2 device for preoperative planning. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 3 · 16:33](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=993)
- The conjoined twins surgery was directed from Great Ormond Street Hospital in London while the actual surgery was happening in Rio de Janeiro. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 3 · 17:17](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=1037)
- Proximy allows multiple people in remote locations to virtually interact in a way which mimics what they would experience if collaborating in the same operating room, using AI, machine learning, and augmented reality. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 3 · 17:31](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=1051)
- Traditional wristbands are difficult to fasten, may irritate the skin, must be rotated to be scanned, can be too tight causing patient harm, or too loose leading to loss. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 3 · 18:42](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=1122)
- In the Northwell pilot study, 80% of clinicians preferred the IdentityShield over traditional wristbands. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 3 · 21:34](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=1294)
- The first Android device included NFC in 2010 and Apple followed in 2014, meaning NFC has been present since iPhone 6. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 3 · 22:15](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=1335)
- Creating a digital twin takes a couple of hours for emergency cases and a couple of days for surgical oncology cases. — Em Tombash summarizing the discussion [Ep 3 · 23:30](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=1410)
- Fifteen years ago, Rick Satava proposed at SAGES that patients would get a CT scan at check-in, surgeons would practice the operation on a robot the day before, and then the robot would perform the saved operation autonomously. — The host summarizing the discussion [Ep 3 · 24:50](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/disruptive-technologies-in-medical-education-escape-rooms-gamification-and-immer-5825?t=1490)

## Changelog
- Oct 4: 1 item no longer name sepsis
- Oct 3: 3 items added automatically
- Sep 25: 4 items added automatically

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