# Parkinson's Disease — GCMD Library living collection

Everything in the library about Parkinson's disease — built automatically from dossiers that name it.

Updated: n/a · 7 episodes · 63 cited statements

## Episodes
### Fundamentals
- [How Electrical Stimulation Changes Brain Circuits | Functional Neurosurgery Explained – Episode 4](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explai-13633) — video · [machine version](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explai-13633.md)
- [Finding 1mm in the Brain | Functional Neurosurgery Explained – Episode 1](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636) — video · [machine version](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636.md)

### Surgical Management
- [Decoding DBS Target Selection in Parkinson's Disease | Functional Neurosurgery Explained – Episode 5](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-exp-13632) — video · [machine version](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-exp-13632.md)
- [The Geometry of Precision | Frames in DBS – Functional Neurosurgery Explained – Episode 2](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/the-geometry-of-precision-frames-in-dbs-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episod-13635) — video · [machine version](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/the-geometry-of-precision-frames-in-dbs-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episod-13635.md)

### Case-Based Learning
- [Movement Disorder Exam Questions for Neurosurgeons | MCQs, Concepts and Key Topics](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623) — video · 9:40 · [machine version](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623.md)

### In-Depth Reviews
- [3 Eras of Parkinson's Surgery: Destroy → Modulate → Respond](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628) — video · 2:08 · [machine version](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628.md)
- [Neuromodulation vs. Neuroablation | Functional Neurosurgery Explained – Episode 3](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634) — video · [machine version](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634.md)

## Chapters
- [0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=0) Introduction to Functional Neurosurgery Examination Topics (Ep 1)
- [1:24](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=84) Symptom Response to Deep Brain Stimulation (Ep 1)
- [2:23](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=143) Target Selection for Deep Brain Stimulation (Ep 1)
- [4:12](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=252) Patient Selection Criteria and Levodopa Challenge (Ep 1)
- [6:15](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=375) Anatomical Side Effects During Macro-Stimulation (Ep 1)
- [8:24](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=504) Dopamine Transporter Scan and Summary (Ep 1)
- [0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=0) Era 1: The Ablation Era (Ep 2)
- [0:44](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=44) Era 2: The Deep Brain Stimulation Era (Ep 2)
- [1:21](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=81) Era 3: The Adaptive Era (Ep 2)
- [0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-exp-13632?t=0) Introduction and Framework Overview (Ep 3)
- [0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explai-13633?t=0) Introduction and Episode Overview (Ep 4)
- [0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634?t=0) Series introduction and episode overview (Ep 5)
- [0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/the-geometry-of-precision-frames-in-dbs-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episod-13635?t=0) Introduction to Stereotactic Frames in DBS (Ep 6)
- [0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636?t=0) Introduction to stereotactic targeting in functional neurosurgery (Ep 7)

## Statements
Every statement is attributed, typed, and timestamped; the link is the citation.
- Functional neurosurgery is under-taught in basic training and most units don't do much of it (opinion) [Ep 1 · 0:29](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=29)
- Examiner expectations for functional neurosurgery are low and the basics are all you need (opinion) [Ep 1 · 0:36](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=36)
- Functional neurosurgery splits into three exam topics: movement disorders, pain surgery, and epilepsy (clinical) [Ep 1 · 0:49](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=49)
- Parkinson's disease has 4 cardinal features and bradykinesia is mandatory for the diagnosis (clinical) [Ep 1 · 1:28](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=88)
- Tremor responds best to deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease (clinical) [Ep 1 · 1:35](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=95)
- Gait freezing, speech and cognition respond poorly to deep brain stimulation (clinical) [Ep 1 · 1:44](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=104)
- Cognition can be worsened by deep brain stimulation (clinical) [Ep 1 · 1:48](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=108)
- Balance, speech, and postural instability all respond poorly to deep brain stimulation (clinical) [Ep 1 · 2:11](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=131)
- Subthalamic nucleus is the first choice target for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease (guideline) [Ep 1 · 2:25](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=145)
- Globus pallidus internus is the second choice target for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease (guideline) [Ep 1 · 2:29](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=149)
- When dyskinesia dominates, the globus pallidus internus is preferred because it smooths dyskinesia directly (clinical) [Ep 1 · 2:40](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=160)
- When tremor dominates, the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus is the tremor target (clinical) [Ep 1 · 2:48](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=168)
- The anterior limb of the internal capsule is an obsessive compulsive disorder target, not a Parkinson's target (clinical) [Ep 1 · 3:19](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=199)
- Inclusion criteria for DBS include disease over 5 years, a meaningful levodopa response, disabling fluctuations, or refractory tremor (guideline) [Ep 1 · 4:12](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=252)
- Exclusion criteria for DBS include dementia, untreated depression or psychosis, and atypical Parkinsonism like progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy (guideline) [Ep 1 · 4:29](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=269)
- The levodopa challenge predicts the response to deep brain stimulation, not severity (clinical) [Ep 1 · 4:51](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=291)
- Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus roughly reproduces the patient's best medication on state, so a good levodopa response predicts a good stimulation response (clinical) [Ep 1 · 4:59](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=299)
- Atypical Parkinsonism doesn't respond to deep brain stimulation and is a contraindication (clinical) [Ep 1 · 5:48](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=348)
- At the subthalamic nucleus, medial spread hits the 3rd cranial nerve and red nucleus, giving diplopia (clinical) [Ep 1 · 6:22](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=382)
- At the subthalamic nucleus, lateral spread hits the internal capsule, giving contralateral twitching and dysarthria (clinical) [Ep 1 · 6:32](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=392)
- At the globus pallidus internus, ventral spread hits the optic tract, giving phosphenes (flashes of light) (clinical) [Ep 1 · 6:39](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=399)
- At the globus pallidus internus, posteromedial spread hits the capsule, giving muscle contraction (clinical) [Ep 1 · 6:48](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=408)
- The side effect tells you where the electrode is, and you correct by moving away from the structure you're hitting (clinical) [Ep 1 · 6:53](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=413)
- Motor fibers run in the internal capsule just lateral to the subthalamic nucleus (clinical) [Ep 1 · 7:09](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=429)
- Twitching during STN stimulation means you're too lateral and should move medially away from the capsule (clinical) [Ep 1 · 7:18](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=438)
- Reducing voltage just shrinks your therapeutic window and doesn't fix electrode position (clinical) [Ep 1 · 7:37](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=457)
- Red nucleus diplopia is the medial side effect from spread toward the 3rd cranial nerve and red nucleus (clinical) [Ep 1 · 7:50](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=470)
- The optic tract is ventral to the globus pallidus internus, so ventral spread produces flashes of light (phosphenes) (clinical) [Ep 1 · 8:10](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=490)
- The dopamine transporter scan separates Parkinson's from essential tremor and drug-induced tremor, showing reduced uptake in the posterior putamen (clinical) [Ep 1 · 8:30](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=510)
- The dopamine transporter scan does not distinguish Parkinson's from atypical Parkinsonism (clinical) [Ep 1 · 8:39](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/movement-disorder-exam-questions-for-neurosurgeons-mcqs-concepts-and-key-topics-13623?t=519)
- DBS is not a reversible lesion (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explai-13633?t=0)
- High-frequency stimulation disrupts pathological beta oscillations (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explai-13633?t=0)
- Pathological beta oscillations cause bradykinesia and rigidity (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explai-13633?t=0)
- The hyperdirect pathway carries antidromic spikes back to motor cortex within milliseconds (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explai-13633?t=0)
- The connectivity profile of the active contact matters more than its coordinates (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explai-13633?t=0)
- Dorsolateral STN and ventromedial STN produce completely different clinical outcomes (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explai-13633?t=0)
- Chronic stimulation induces synaptic plasticity and neurochemical change (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explai-13633?t=0)
- Dystonia takes months to respond to DBS (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explai-13633?t=0)
- DBS mechanism operates through three layers: fast electrical effects, network remodelling, and plasticity (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explai-13633?t=0)
- In DBS programming, you are programming axons not grey matter (clinical) [Ep 4 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/how-electrical-stimulation-changes-brain-circuits-functional-neurosurgery-explai-13633?t=0)
- More than thirty percent of all DBS failures trace back to one mistake—the wrong patient, or the wrong target, chosen long before the operation even began. (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-exp-13632?t=0)
- Target selection is the only step in DBS that cannot be corrected after surgery. (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-exp-13632?t=0)
- The TARGET framework consists of six components that function as gates, not as a score: True diagnosis, Anatomy of symptoms, Response to levodopa, Goal, Evaluation of the brain, and Red lines. (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-exp-13632?t=0)
- Atypical parkinsonism conditions to distinguish from true Parkinson's include MSA, PSP, Lewy body dementia, and Corticobasal Degeneration. (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-exp-13632?t=0)
- The thirty percent levodopa response threshold is a meaningful criterion for DBS candidacy. (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-exp-13632?t=0)
- DBS is a biological amplifier, not a generator. (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-exp-13632?t=0)
- The TARGET framework can solve to STN, GPi, or Vim depending on patient characteristics. (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-exp-13632?t=0)
- Cognitive reserve and mood are factors that determine whether to operate at all and which target is more forgiving when the brain is vulnerable. (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-exp-13632?t=0)
- The EARLYSTIM trial changed the conversation about timing of DBS surgery. (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-exp-13632?t=0)
- Both operating too late and operating too early are mistakes in DBS timing. (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-exp-13632?t=0)
- There are six absolute red lines that collapse the entire TARGET equation to zero. (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-exp-13632?t=0)
- A confident 'no' protects the patient far more than a hesitant 'yes' in DBS decision-making. (opinion) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-exp-13632?t=0)
- A five-evaluation multidisciplinary workup feeds every target decision. (clinical) [Ep 3 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/decoding-dbs-target-selection-in-parkinson-s-disease-functional-neurosurgery-exp-13632?t=0)
- Stereotactic frames convert the head into a stable 3D coordinate system to place DBS electrodes within 1 mm of the target. (clinical) [Ep 6 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/the-geometry-of-precision-frames-in-dbs-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episod-13635?t=0)
- The concept of stereotaxis began with Horsley & Clarke and was later adapted for human use. (clinical) [Ep 6 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/the-geometry-of-precision-frames-in-dbs-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episod-13635?t=0)
- Arc-radius frames work on the principle that the target sits at the centre of the arc. (clinical) [Ep 6 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/the-geometry-of-precision-frames-in-dbs-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episod-13635?t=0)
- Frame-based systems remain the reference standard in DBS despite the availability of robotic and frameless systems. (opinion) [Ep 6 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/the-geometry-of-precision-frames-in-dbs-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episod-13635?t=0)
- Brain surgeons must hit deep targets only a few millimeters wide, buried more than 10 cm inside the brain, with less than 1 mm error. — Amr Moursi (clinical) [Ep 7 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636?t=0)
- 1 mm of error can change a patient's outcome in DBS and other functional procedures. — Amr Moursi (clinical) [Ep 7 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636?t=0)
- Functional neurosurgeons turn anatomy into a 3D coordinate system (X, Y, Z). — Amr Moursi (clinical) [Ep 7 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636?t=0)
- Skull landmarks and surface anatomy failed for deep targets. — Amr Moursi (clinical) [Ep 7 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636?t=0)
- Internal brain landmarks like the AC-PC line are important for targeting. — Amr Moursi (clinical) [Ep 7 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636?t=0)
- Stereotactic atlases and MRI work together in modern targeting. — Amr Moursi (clinical) [Ep 7 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/finding-1mm-in-the-brain-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-1-13636?t=0)

## Host summaries
Recaps by a host of what the experts said — not the host's own clinical position.
- Thalamotomy in the VIM silences tremor. — The host summarizing a resource [Ep 2 · 0:23](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=23)
- Pallidotomy in the GPi eases rigidity, slowness, and dyskinesias. — The host summarizing a resource [Ep 2 · 0:27](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=27)
- Ablative lesions are permanent and cannot be undone or adjusted as the disease progresses. — The host summarizing a resource [Ep 2 · 0:33](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=33)
- In 1987 in Grenoble, Benabbi switched on high frequency stimulation above 100 hertz, and the tremor vanished instantly, reversibly. — The host summarizing a resource [Ep 2 · 0:48](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=48)
- Stimulating the STN produced the same benefit as destroying it, so the benefit was never about the tissue. — The host summarizing a resource [Ep 2 · 1:01](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=61)
- With DBS, the structure stays intact and the surgeon can adjust amplitude, frequency, pulse width, and treat both sides safely. — The host summarizing a resource [Ep 2 · 1:08](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=68)
- The early STEM trial confirmed DBS beat medical therapy on quality of life. — The host summarizing a resource [Ep 2 · 1:17](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=77)
- Adaptive DBS devices record local field potentials from the STN, watching for pathological beta oscillations. — The host summarizing a resource [Ep 2 · 1:27](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=87)
- Pathological beta oscillations are a 13 to 30 Hz rhythm that suppresses movement. — The host summarizing a resource [Ep 2 · 1:36](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=96)
- When beta appears, stimulation fires; when it fades, it eases off. — The host summarizing a resource [Ep 2 · 1:40](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=100)
- Adaptive DBS results in less unnecessary current, longer battery life, and fewer side effects. — The host summarizing a resource [Ep 2 · 1:45](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/3-eras-of-parkinson-s-surgery-destroy-modulate-respond-13628?t=105)
- Parkinson's disease is a circuit disorder, not just a dopamine deficiency. — The host summarizing a resource [Ep 5 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634?t=0)
- The subthalamic nucleus becomes overactive in Parkinson's disease despite being structurally intact. — The host summarizing a resource [Ep 5 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634?t=0)
- Irreversibility was the fatal limitation of thalamotomy and pallidotomy. — The host summarizing a resource [Ep 5 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634?t=0)
- Benabid discovered in Grenoble in 1987 that high-frequency stimulation could replicate the effects of ablative lesions reversibly, shifting the entire question of surgery. — The host summarizing a resource [Ep 5 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634?t=0)
- Adaptive closed-loop DBS represents the future of the field. — The host summarizing a resource [Ep 5 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634?t=0)
- The first thalamotomies for Parkinson's disease were performed in the 1950s. — The host summarizing a resource [Ep 5 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/neuromodulation-vs-neuroablation-functional-neurosurgery-explained-episode-3-13634?t=0)

## Changelog
- Sep 24: 7 items added automatically

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