# Hypertension — GCMD Library living collection

Everything in the library about hypertension — built automatically from dossiers that name it.

Updated: n/a · 3 episodes · 25 cited statements

## Episodes
### Fundamentals
- [Social Determinants of Health](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994) — video · 51:46 · [machine version](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994.md)

### Surgical Management
- [Efficacy and late kidney effects of nephron-sparing surgery in the management of unilateral Wilms tumor](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/efficacy-and-late-kidney-effects-of-nephron-sparing-surgery-in-the-management-of-8077) — video · 0:53 · [machine version](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/efficacy-and-late-kidney-effects-of-nephron-sparing-surgery-in-the-management-of-8077.md)

### Patient & Family Education
- [Community Based Intervention-Why We Haven't Solved the Gang Violence Problem:...](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391) — video · 29:48 · [machine version](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391.md)

## Chapters
- [0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=0) Introduction and Critique of Community-Based Interventions (Ep 1)
- [7:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=420) Neighborhood Context and Concentrated Disadvantage (Ep 1)
- [15:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=900) Mass Incarceration, Lead Exposure, and Toxic Stress (Ep 1)
- [20:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=1200) Market-Based Solution: Waterfield's Microgreens Model (Ep 1)
- [23:14](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=1394) Discussion: Hope, Systems Thinking, and Sustained Effort (Ep 1)
- [0:10](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=10) Introduction and Framing: Race, Diversity, and Surgical Disparities (Ep 2)
- [5:18](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=318) Implicit Bias, Medical Decision-Making, and Non-Accidental Trauma (Ep 2)
- [13:18](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=798) Why Do Disparities Exist? Nurture vs. Nature (Ep 2)
- [23:02](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=1382) International Perspectives on Ethnic and Racial Bias (Ep 2)
- [30:20](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=1820) Neighborhood Effects and Toxic Environments (Ep 2)
- [38:44](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=2324) Solutions: Complexity Science and Social Labs (Ep 2)
- [0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/efficacy-and-late-kidney-effects-of-nephron-sparing-surgery-in-the-management-of-8077?t=0) Nephron-sparing surgery versus radical nephrectomy in unilateral Wilms tumor (Ep 3)

## Statements
Every statement is attributed, typed, and timestamped; the link is the citation.
- Community-based interventions have been incremental at best and we have not solved the gang problem. — Vic (opinion) [Ep 1 · 0:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=0)
- 66% of Black children in the United States are living in concentrated disadvantage. — Vic (epidemiological) [Ep 1 · 17:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=1020)
- If you have a criminal record, your chances of getting meaningful purposeful work is less than 5%. — Vic (epidemiological) [Ep 1 · 18:30](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=1110)
- Children between 2 and 8 years of age are diagnosed with hypertension in disadvantaged neighborhoods. — Vic (clinical) [Ep 1 · 20:30](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=1230)
- 93% of people who are in prison get released. — Vic (epidemiological) [Ep 1 · 22:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=1320)
- Waterfield's Microgreens has revenue of about $800,000 and all major boutique restaurants in Cincinnati purchase their products. — Vic (clinical) [Ep 1 · 22:30](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=1350)
- We have done a much better job over the years caring for injured patients, even as we work on prevention. (opinion) [Ep 1 · 24:54](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=1494)
- Harsh parenting is one of the drivers for children misbehaving and it begins very early in the fetal stage. — Vic (clinical) [Ep 1 · 27:30](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=1650)
- Bias affects medical decision-making including who gets referred for procedures and who gets surgery — Erika Newman (clinical) [Ep 2 · 12:40](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=760)
- A healthy African-American woman has a greater likelihood of giving birth to a premature baby even with excellent prenatal care and college education — Victor Garcia (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 21:10](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=1270)
- A Black mother with a college education has a higher risk of giving birth to a premature baby than a white woman who has not graduated from high school — Victor Garcia (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 21:40](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=1300)
- African-American children and minorities who are poor have lower cognitive abilities as evidenced by educational achievement and economic attainment — Victor Garcia (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 22:10](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=1330)
- Black children and adults have higher incidence of cardiovascular disease, strokes, and high blood pressure — Victor Garcia (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 22:30](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=1350)
- Black children in these neighborhoods have higher incidences of high blood pressure — Victor Garcia (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 22:45](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=1365)
- There is a difference in life expectancy and disparities between Mexicans who come from Mexico to Chicago versus Puerto Ricans and Dominicans who come to New York City — Victor Garcia (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 26:50](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=1610)
- Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are an admixture with African ancestry, and Dr. Garcia's father from Puerto Rico was discriminated against because of his darker complexion rather than being treated as Hispanic or Latino — Victor Garcia (clinical) [Ep 2 · 27:27](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=1647)
- Racism exists in the United Kingdom and has been written about — Victor Garcia (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 28:10](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=1690)
- What is uniquely American is the way slavery has contributed to racism and how long-standing it was before slavery was abolished, with traces of discrimination still visible — Victor Garcia (opinion) [Ep 2 · 28:20](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=1700)
- For African-Americans in Greater Cincinnati, depending on what neighborhood you live in, you will have a 20-year life expectancy that is shorter than somebody living in a more affluent neighborhood — Victor Garcia (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 30:50](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=1850)
- The vast majority of African-American children grow up in neighborhoods with conditions like the picture Erica showed (child with junkyard next door) — Victor Garcia (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 31:50](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=1910)
- Toxic environments include exposure to air pollution from traffic and lead poisoning — Victor Garcia (clinical) [Ep 2 · 35:55](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=2155)
- If we do not solve the challenge of worsening disparities, it will be economically unsustainable and will compound what we see with the next epidemic or pandemic — Victor Garcia (opinion) [Ep 2 · 38:20](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=2300)
- Despite $68 million a year being spent by nonprofits in zip code 45229 (Cincinnati), not much has changed in economic distress indicators — Victor Garcia (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 41:27](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=2487)
- In zip code 45229, chronic absenteeism at Rockdale Academic Elementary School is 39% — Victor Garcia (epidemiological) [Ep 2 · 41:10](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=2470)
- There are not many low-poverty neighborhoods that will be welcoming to Black people coming in because of inherent biases — Victor Garcia (opinion) [Ep 2 · 49:05](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=2945)

## Host summaries
Recaps by a host of what the experts said — not the host's own clinical position.
- The systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in Chongqing, China — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 0:12](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/efficacy-and-late-kidney-effects-of-nephron-sparing-surgery-in-the-management-of-8077?t=12)
- The study aimed to evaluate efficacy and long-term renal function after nephron-sparing surgery in patients with unilateral Wilms tumor — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 0:12](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/efficacy-and-late-kidney-effects-of-nephron-sparing-surgery-in-the-management-of-8077?t=12)
- The analysis included 26 studies — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 0:27](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/efficacy-and-late-kidney-effects-of-nephron-sparing-surgery-in-the-management-of-8077?t=27)
- Nephron-sparing surgery increased glomerular filtration rate after surgery — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 0:27](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/efficacy-and-late-kidney-effects-of-nephron-sparing-surgery-in-the-management-of-8077?t=27)
- There were no significant differences in overall survival between nephron-sparing surgery and radical nephrectomy — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 0:27](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/efficacy-and-late-kidney-effects-of-nephron-sparing-surgery-in-the-management-of-8077?t=27)
- There were no significant differences in recurrence rates between nephron-sparing surgery and radical nephrectomy — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 0:27](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/efficacy-and-late-kidney-effects-of-nephron-sparing-surgery-in-the-management-of-8077?t=27)
- There were no significant differences in hypertension rates between nephron-sparing surgery and radical nephrectomy — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 0:27](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/efficacy-and-late-kidney-effects-of-nephron-sparing-surgery-in-the-management-of-8077?t=27)
- There were no significant differences in renal dysfunction rates between nephron-sparing surgery and radical nephrectomy — Cecilia Gigena summarizing a resource [Ep 3 · 0:27](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/efficacy-and-late-kidney-effects-of-nephron-sparing-surgery-in-the-management-of-8077?t=27)
- Cure Violence program reports 41 to 73% drops in shootings and killings in violent zones, but juxtaposed neighborhoods continue to have violence. — Vic summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 3:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=180)
- ROCA program impacted 854 high-risk individuals in fiscal year 17 with 84% success rate, but deals only with individuals rather than neighborhood context. — Vic summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 5:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=300)
- Employment and marriage were the most effective deterrents to gang involvement, supported by the Fragile Families Study at Princeton. — Vic summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 10:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=600)
- The relationship between concentrated disadvantage and violence is quite the same in Stockholm, Sweden and Chicago despite vastly different overall violence rates. — Vic summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 13:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=780)
- Most adults in inner city ghettos are not working, and today's problems are a consequence of the disappearance of work. — Vic summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 14:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=840)
- The chances of somebody living in an impoverished neighborhood in Cincinnati of getting out is 5.1%, according to work from Chetty, Hendren, and Katz. — Vic summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 17:30](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=1050)
- 1 in 9 Black men between 20 and 34 are in jail or prison. — Vic summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 18:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=1080)
- Lead exposure in racially stratified neighborhoods is associated with criminal behavior in adulthood, according to Dr. Ken Dietrich's longitudinal study in Cincinnati. — Vic summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 19:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=1140)
- A 20-year study of place-based community change initiatives with $11 billion in best practices funding showed no widespread change in child well-being or reductions in neighborhood poverty. — Vic summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 20:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=1200)
- 80% of children living in violent neighborhoods are affected by PTSD because of witnessing violence. — Vic summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 21:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=1260)
- Survival rate for acute lymphocytic leukemia in children has improved from 20% at the start of Jack Shonkoff's residency to over 80% today. — Vic summarizing the discussion [Ep 1 · 23:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/community-based-intervention-why-we-haven-t-solved-the-gang-violence-problem-391?t=1380)
- Recent Pediatrics article shows Black children are more likely than white peers to die or have complications after surgery, making national newspaper headlines — Marion Henry summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 0:55](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=55)
- African-American children are more likely to die after congenital heart surgery, neurological procedures, and experience delays getting onto kidney transplant lists and are less likely to receive transplants — Marion Henry summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 2:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=120)
- African-American children are more likely to have complications from appendicitis, solid tumors, extremity sarcomas, and gastroschisis — Marion Henry summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 2:30](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=150)
- The recent Pediatrics study looked at children who were all healthy (ASA 1 or 2) undergoing inpatient surgical procedures, eliminating the impact of poor baseline health, and race still had an impact with African-American children having higher risk of postoperative complications and mortality — Marion Henry summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 2:50](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=170)
- Data from the Implicit Association Test (IAT) collecting data from millions of participants shows all healthcare providers have bias that favors whites — Erika Newman summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 12:10](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=730)
- Children and adolescents experience bias not only in healthcare but in education and the criminal justice system — Erika Newman summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 12:55](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=775)
- Biases are not hard-wired, can be changed, and can be replaced with new associations — Erika Newman summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 13:05](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=785)
- According to Rob Sampson's data, the worst urban context in which whites reside is considerably better than the average context of Black communities — Victor Garcia summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 31:20](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=1880)
- Your zip code is more of a predictor of your life span and quality of life than your genetic makeup, as commonly seen in the literature — Victor Garcia summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 32:30](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=1950)
- Concentrated poverty by neighborhood impacts every organ system according to neurocognitive scientists and anthropologists — Victor Garcia summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 34:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=2040)
- Poverty affects the prefrontal cortex (causing children not to pay attention in school), hippocampus (impairing memory), and amygdala (making them more likely to fight than flee) — Victor Garcia summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 34:25](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=2065)
- The incidence of chronic inflammation for parents and children in poverty is significantly higher, helping explain why African-American women have higher prevalence of lupus and autoimmune diseases — Victor Garcia summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 35:00](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=2100)
- 95% of Black children grow up in concentrated environments that are not only materially deprived but toxic — Victor Garcia summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 35:35](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=2135)
- According to Raj Chetty's study of 20 million individuals in every urban setting in the United States, if a child born in Cincinnati does not move out of that environment before age 10, there is a steady decline in the likelihood of improving adult outcomes — Victor Garcia summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 36:39](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=2199)
- It is estimated that 350 million jobs globally are going to disappear with automation and AI — Victor Garcia summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 37:46](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=2266)
- In Sweden, which has universal healthcare, similar disparities are seen based on neighborhood locations affecting health outcomes — Erika Newman summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 46:51](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=2811)
- According to W.E.B. Du Bois in 1899, the issues with minority infants and health are due as a consequence of their economic plight — Victor Garcia summarizing the discussion [Ep 2 · 48:40](https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/watch/social-determinants-of-health-2994?t=2920)

## Changelog
- Sep 17: 3 items added automatically

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Educational content from recorded physician discussions — not medical advice. Cite the canonical URL or the ?t= deep link. Policy: https://origin-library.globalcastmd.com/ai